Shutdown procedures on Mixers, Crutcher and Pumps Essay

Shutdown procedures on Mixers, Crutcher and Pumps - Essay Example Preferably not all of the succinic acid is flushed through the buffer tank. This means that when the supplies of succinic anhydride, water and alkali are switched on for start-up, there is still some acid in the buffer tank to "seed" the hydrolysis reaction. During the period that the process is not operating, the buffer tank should be maintained at an elevated temperature (typically 60Â °-80Â ° C.) in order to prevent solidification of the succinic acid/anhydride mix’ (Patentstorm 1998). A crutcher is the ‘main reaction vessel in the semi-boiled saponification process, or simply a mixing vessel in the soap modification process. It can be used to make a wide variety of soaps or for mixing additives and fillers into liquid soap. Crutches are very easy to use and are generally found in laundry soap factories. They are also used in more sophisticated plants, such as for making transparent soap. A process is described for retarding or preventing the setting of a miscible and pumpable crutcher slurry intended to be spray dried to base beads for subsequent conversion to a built synthetic organic nonionic detergent composition.

How the Internet has Simplified the Business Transactions Article

How the Internet has Simplified the Business Transactions - Article Example E-commerce has evolved over the past several decades as discussed below in sequence; Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the changing of the business documents in a standard electronic format among business partners through the computer-to-computer. Both the end-user who engage in the demanding of the products and the factory worker who is tasked by supplying the product don’t have fear of the fundamental of technology that operates by capturing the requirement or the route that the signals transmitting demands follow via the Network Edge Soon after the buyer will be notified of the what is required has been recognized on the other end by the seller where he creates the product as demanded and delivery at the required destination and immediately payments are processed. Both the end user of the product and the maker of the product are concerned with demand and supply that is properly focused and the qualitative issues of customer satisfaction, responsiveness, and performance. E-Commerce services may be seen as it faces a list challenge since it is a paperless system, and paperwork documentation has been eliminated. Although creating and maintaining an e-commerce exchange is a complex task because traditional issues of pricing, quality, scheduling, liabilities, warranties, intellectual property, and risk management are all present, but are not visible to the user behind the HTML faà §ade of the Web site. Also, there are e-commerce- specific issues, which add complexity to the process of contract formation, which includes, Operational—defining the inner connections and functions of the exchange; Terms & Conditions—defining the relationship of the parties; a Transparency—defining the user experience.

Introduction To Law And Legislation Social Work Essay

Introduction To Law And Legislation Social Work Essay Referring to case study 2: Helen, a 78 year lady, a Section. 2 and a Section. 5 of The Community Care Delayed Discharges Act 2003 have been issued and Social Services have 72 hours before they are cross charged. This Act penalises local authorities who cannot provide for discharged hospital patients, as it ensures NHS patients receive adequate care when being discharged from hospital. It sets out timescales which Social Services have to comply with and if there is a delay in discharge whereby Social Services are to blame they will be cross charged  £100.00 per day under s.6 of the Liability to make Delayed Discharge payments. This is the main provision of this Act along with on-site multi-disciplinary working. However, if the delay in service provision is down to the NHS then reimbursement does not apply and if during this process there is a dispute then this is under s.9, Dispute Resolutions of the CC(DD)A 2003. The law states that if a s.2 and a s.5 of CC(DD)A 2003 have been issued together then the process is as follows: This section applies where a section 2 notice has been given. Subsection (2) ensures that the NHS body responsible for issuing the section 2 notice to the social services authority, and any other NHS body which may need to provide services to the patient upon discharge, must consult the social services authority before deciding which services it will make available upon discharge. This is to ensure that a complete package of care can be put in place smoothly and without duplication or omission of any particular service. The responsible NHS body will in the first instance normally be a hospital but the majority of NHS services upon discharge are likely to be provided by the patients Primary Care Trust. The social services authority must be consulted about all NHS services that are to be provided The first step in the case of Helen would be to have a statutory meeting with the social services manager to discuss Helens situation and to establish the legal framework and service delivery to be applied. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 (NHSCCA) was enacted as a result of unfair treatment of older people, as it gave them the right to an assessment to services. The main principle and rational of the NHSCCA 1990 is to provide people with relevant services to enable them to live independently in their own homes, rather than moving them into a residential setting. Although this piece of legislation is considered to be complex it has a number of powers and duties imposed on local authorities. The primary role of local authorities with community care responsibilities is to ensure that: Adult social care is delivered effectively Services users wishes are taken into account, and Services are delivered safely (Brayne Carr, 2010:508). The main statutory duty for social workers of the NHSCCA 1990 is Section 47. Under s.47 (1) as social workers we have a duty to do a needs lead assessment and this is a must in the case of Helen. The National Service Framework for Older People provides a framework for health and care services for older people, and this is an important development whereby social work assessments are integrated with health care assessments. As the duty social worker when doing an assessment there are two aspects that should be considered. First, there is the assessment of Helens needs not wants; second, bearing in mind the outcome of that assessment, the decision to provide (or not) particular services. However, during the NHSCCA 1990 s.47(1) needs lead assessment, if Helen is identified as being disabled, she has additional rights as set out in s.47(2). During this assessment the local authority must, under s.47(3)of the NHSCCA 1990, inform the Health or Housing authorities if it appears Helen may req uire services which they could provide (Braye Preston-Shoot, 2010). The roots of social care and social work lie in the National Assistance Act 1948 (NAA). Section 29, Part 3 refers to specific groups such as older people and to qualify for services under this Section the law states: A local authority may, with the approval of the Secretary of State, and to such extent as he may direct in relation to persons ordinarily resident in the area of the local authority shall make arrangements for promoting the welfare of persons to whom this section applies, that is to say persons aged eighteen or over who are blind, deaf or dumb, or who suffer from mental disorder of any description and other persons aged eighteen or over who are substantially and permanently handicapped by illness, injury, or congenital deformity or such other disabilities as may be prescribed by the Minister (www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/11-12/29/section/29). It is clear that where there is a legal statutory duty, you have to consider the implications of accountability within the social work profession and this in turn can cause tensions between legal framework and the General Social Care Councils codes of practice. For example, it is difficult to reconcile the values of anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice with some of the terminology utilised in the National Assistance Act 1948, such as deaf or dumb. However, as Helens needs meet this definition, as she is considered to be a s.29 service user and any provisions for Helen will be made under The Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 s.2. This places a duty on local Authorities to assess the individual needs of everyone who falls within Section 29 of the National Assistance Act 1948 (Brammer, 2010:402). In addition older people can be offered residential care under the National Assistance Act 1948 s.21 and home care and laundry services under the National Health Service Act 2006 Schedule 20(3). Under s.2 of the CSDPA 1970 the provision of welfare services, local authorities are required to provide services such as an occupational therapist (OP). The OP can do functional assessment to establish the provisions required and to aid in the transition from hospital to the home. The main provisions do not include personal care but assesses how the service users function, for example get dressed, and get out of bed in hospital or at home. The fundamental rational is to power and enable the service user to get back to their former ability. The Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudication Act 1982 s.17, provides local authorities the power to make reasonable charges for non-residential services. Under this legislation the first six weeks of intermediate care is free, NHS is free at delivery social services is not. Intermediate care or reablement is a term used to represent a range of integrated health and/or social care services that as part of an agreed care plan aim to: Promote faster recovery from illness Prevent unnecessary admission to hospital Support timely discharge following an acute hospital admission Prevent premature admission to long-term residential care Maximize your chances of living independently (www.ageuk.org.uk ). It was introduced to bridge the gap for people who were medically fit for discharge but were unable to return to independent living. Reablement typically it lasts for no more than six weeks and is provided without charge to the service user. Helen will receive the reablement service for six weeks and if further support is required, then Adult Social Care services may be chargeable. Research evidence confirms that reablement schemes are well placed both to meet the preferred outcomes of service users and to achieve cost effectiveness in service delivery, when compared with alternatives such as longer term care (Braye et al., 2004: 113). Once a community care assessment is carried out, we need to make decisions about what support will be provided for Helen. Helen would be required have a financial assessment by a Financial Assessment Benefits Advisor (FABA). The FABA will carry out an assessment on Helens financial situation and ensure she is claiming any state benefits she may be entitled to. They will need to see proof of her income and, savings and will ask for details about her expenses. This assessment is straightforward and the officers will try to make it as pleasant as possible. National guidelines published by the Department of Health called Fair Access to Care Services (FACS) provides Social Services with an eligibility framework for Adult Social Care to identify whether or not the duty to provide services under this framework. The national FACS policy states that local authorities may take account of the resources available to them in deciding which needs to meet. FACS divides need into four categories: critical, substantial, moderate or low. Thus the concept of need is determined by factors such as the availability of resources and this in turn causes tensions between policy, practice and law. Essex local authorities are just meeting critical needs at present and although having rights which are legally enforceable do not necessarily imply the need will be met due to funding within Social Services. to ensure that older people are treated as individuals and they receive appropriate and timely packages of care which meet their needs as individuals, regardless of health and social services boundaries (Department of Health, 2001a, Standard 2). Social Services are required by law to provide equipment for the home free of charge if the service user does not have any liquid assets. However, Helen does have an owner occupied property but does not have any savings, so therefore community care services will be provided by Social Services free of charge. Local authorities have the power, and in some cases a duty, to charge for certain community care services, under the National Assistance Act 1948 and the Health and Social Services and Social Security Adjudications Act 1983 (White et al, 2007). Community equipment includes aids such as raised seats, walking sticks; grab rails and shower mats, commodes and minor adaptations that assist daily living to promote independence in the home. If Helen wishes to have help managing her affairs, then provided she has mental capacity she can appoint someone else to make decisions on her behalf. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) makes it possible to produce a Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA) to continue beyond any future loss of capacity by Helen. The LPA can cover property and financial affairs, or personal welfare (including health care and treatment) or both. However, this must be registered with the Public Guardian before it can be used. (www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/Mentalcapacityandthelaw/Makingarrangementsincaseyoulosementalcapacity/DG_185921) The more capable older people are mentally the less likely it is that others will intervene in the choices which they make. However, for relatives these decisions may provoke anxiety and quilt. In such situations the capacity of the service user becomes an important factor in the decision process. Everyone has capacity unless stated otherwise and under the Human Rights Act 1998, Article 5(1) grants a general Right to liberty and security of person. This Article covers rights to liberty, which has self-evident relevance to the detention of people with mental health problems. Under Article 5(1)(e) three conditions must be met, except in the case of an emergency: A true mental disorder must be established before a competent authority on the basis of objective medical expertise; The mental disorder must be of a kind or degree warranting compulsory confinement; The validity of continued confinement depends on the persistence of such a mental disorder (Johns, 2010:32). With regards to the allegations that Helen has dementia we must have reasonable belief before making judgements on Helens mental capacity. However, it is necessary for Social services to investigate, for example look at her medical records to see if this has been confirmed by a medical professional, such as her General Practitioner. However, there is the issue of confidentiality to be considered and as such we would require Helens consent in obtaining this kind of information. The Data Protection Act 1998 is concerned with the protection of Human Rights in relation to personal data. The aim of the Act is to ensure that personal data is used fairly and lawfully and where necessary, the privacy of individuals are respected. It sates: An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/29/introduction). It is important to note that the Human Rights Act 1998, encompasses every single act within the United Kingdoms legal system. For health and social care it enables the legal framework to meet the requirements of service delivery. Due to allegations and concerns made by Stephanie, Helens daughter, it is necessary to undertake a formal documented assessment under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) Section.1. This assessment is known as the MCA model and has to be conducted by two professionals of different agencies in order to confirm Helens mental capacity. The MCA 2005 codes of practice sets out five statutory principles and these are: A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established that they lack capacity. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision unless all practical steps to help him to do so have been taken without success. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision merely because he makes an unwise choice. An act done or decision made, under this Act for or on behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, in his best interests. Before this act is done, or the decision made, regard must be had to whether the purpose for which it is needed can be as effectively achieved in a way that is less restrictive of the persons rights and freedom of action (www3.hants.gov.uk/adult-services/health-wellbeing/adultmh/mental-capacity-act/mca-principles.htm). Case law refers to cases which have changed legislation and the story of an autistic man detained in Bournewood hospital under the Mental Health Act 1983, changed the rights for people who lack capacity. His carers successfully challenged his unlawful detainment and deprivation of liberty, by taking the case to the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). In 2004 the European Court judgment of the appeal of R v. Bournewood Community and Mental Health Trust, ex parte L [1998] 3 ALL ER 458, was forced to change and the Bournewood ruling and now provides extra protection for the human rights of people who lack capacity and find themselves deprived of their liberty (Brammer, 2010). There are two statues to consider when looking Helens case, the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) (both amended by the Mental Health Act 2007 (MHA 2007)), which provide different kinds of powers and duties for Social Services with regards to Helens mental capacity. Fennell (2007) indicates that both acts provide safeguarding against arbitrary deprivation of liberty which would contravene Articles 5 and 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998. Helen may be medically fit but mentally not ready to go home and if this were to happen this can delay discharge as this would require waiting for assessments to be completed and therefore, the NHS would now be responsible for the delay. As the service user/patients circumstances would have changed, the NHS would have to withdraw the existing notice and re-notify social services under s.2 of the Community Care (Delayed Discharges) Act 2003. Re-notification of this kind cancels the previous notice and restarts the process, meaning that social services must reassess the patient and, after consulting the NHS body, decide when the patient will be ready to be discharged. Social care services, which are provided by public authorities, provide support for individuals, families, carers, groups and communities. In most cases, whenever you need healthcare, medical treatment or social care, you have the right not to be discriminated against because of your age, race, gender, gender identity,  disability, religion or sexual orientation. On the 1st October 2010, the Equality Act became statute. It provides anti-discriminatory law and has replaced the Disabilities Discrimination Act 1995 and the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970. provides a new cross-cutting legislative framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all; to update, simplify and strengthen the previous legislation; and to deliver a simple, modern and accessible framework of discrimination law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair and more equal society (http://www.equalities.gov.uk/equality_act_2010.aspx). In summary when Helen is medically fit to leave hospital, social workers are responsible for ensuring the transition from hospital, back home is managed in a sensitive way. Helen is currently receiving meal on wheels and although additional support may be needed it is clear she will require continuing care. This is the name given to the care needed by an adult who requires help over an extended period of time to assist in their daily life. This package of care involves services and funding from both the NHS and Adult Social Care. There are many aspects to consider when working within legal frameworks in Adult Social Care, such as statutory duties, service users rights and tensions which can occur when working a multi-disciplinary setting. In order to determine a sufficient and accurate care plan, the legal statutory duties and the codes of practice laid out by the General Social Care Council should guide practice but ultimately the needs of the services user should be at the fore.

Gay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay -- Gay Marriage, argumentative, per

The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Yet, same-sex marriage continues to be a highly debated issue that leaves our society searching for answers. This has been very apparent during elections when politicians, in order to distract or sway conservative voters, all took a side and had an opinion on the issue of same-sex marriage. The debate has been presented on the left as a civil rights debate, equal rights. And on the right, as a morals debate, a referendum on homosexuality (Rauch, J. 2004). Everyone has an opinion on whether two men or two women should be allowed to get married, and in doing so, have all the same rights granted by the federal government to them as are granted to more â€Å"traditional† couples. It is my belief that gay, lesbian, and transgendered couples should be afforded the same privileges as any other citizens including the choice of marriage. Singling out and disallowing certain r ights to any person based on sexual orientation, just like race, ethnicity, or religious background, is discrimination. Also, religious views on homosexuality should not have an effect on our laws. By conservative estimates, there are probably about ten million gay men and lesbians in the United States. And they're going to be there. They're going to be having relationships and they're going to be having kids no matter what we do in our laws and no matter what courts say. And the question about whether gay and lesbian couples should have an equal right to get married under our state laws--we're talking about state laws here, we're not talking about private religious organizations. (Wolff, 2005) In the past marriage was something everyone was expected to do. ... ...arch 8). Hollywood: World of Wonder. Inalienable Rites? Gay Marriage in the Courts (2005, March 25). Uncommon Knowledge with Peter Robinson [Radio News Program]. http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/2934426.html Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) Masci, D. (2009, May 21). A Clash of Rights? Gay Marriage and the Free Exercise of Religion. http://pewforum.org/events/?EventID=216 Masci, D. (2009, July 9). Public Opinion on Gay Marriage: Opponents Consistently Outnumber Supporters. http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=424 Rauch, J. (2004, April 1). Can Gay Marriage Strengthen the American Family? [Brookings Briefing]. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/events/2004/0401children%20%20%20families/20040401.pdf Strasser, P. M. (1999). The Challenge of Same-Sex marriage: Federalist Principles and Constitutional Protections. Westport: Preager Publisher.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: An Overview Essay

Abstract In this paper, my aim was to give a general overview of antisocial personality disorder so that I could broaden my understanding of this mental illness. I used textbook material, information from the DSM-5, and several outside sources to try to create a complete picture of the main points of the disorder, such as the causes development, symptoms, prognosis, prevalence, and treatment options for this disorder. I also looked into possible sociocultural influences on the development of the disorder, and consider whether or not it is a legitimate disorder that should be acknowledged by the mental health community. I conclude this work with a personal critique of what I have taken away from my research. Antisocial Personality Disorder: An Overview In order to be successful in any society, it is important to be able to abide by the rules that the society puts forth. While there are a lot of cultural differences about what is normal and what is not, one could venture to pick out some universal moral guidelines—harming someone, stealing, conning, and lying are generally rejected. Breaking the law and disregarding the safety of oneself or others would also fall on the societal â€Å"don’t† list. While most people find it fairly easy to live within the bounds that society sets (or at least feel guilty when they don’t), people with an antisocial personality disorder find it significantly more difficult. This disorder, also commonly known as psychopathy or sociopathy, is rather difficult to deal with—and rather fascinating to study. In my experience, there is a serious social stigma attached to antisocial personality disorder. When I think of this disorder, or of the term â€Å"psychopath,† t here is a learned connection that immediately goes to danger and fear. In the media and Hollywood, people with this disorder are connected with many of the most heinous crimes—serial murders, rape, highly successful scam operations. Although the traits associated with antisocial personality disorder make sense with these types of crimes, it is not nearly as common as television  and movies make it seem. This general misconception is one reason that I was interested in studying this disorder. The second reason that I was so interested in studying this disorder was a thought that I had one day while discussing the high levels of criminal behavior within the population of people with antisocial personality disorder. Although they often participate in criminal activity, there is something wrong with their mind that does not allow them to process their actions the same way I am able to process my actions. The thought struck me that if I could lie to get ahead and I did not feel an ounce of guilt (because I had no capacity for guilt), even though I knew it was wrong, would I do it? I know that there is a still a choice—but I think that the disorder these people have necessitates a shift in our perspective of their actions. It was this thought that really led me to want to have a much more full understanding of this disorder. Historical and Diagnostic Features The causes of antisocial personality disorder, like many other personality disorders, are difficult to pinpoint. One reason for this is because many people with these disorders do not seek help until they have had the problem for years, and they still may not recognize that anything is wrong—often, it is the distress of other people in their lives that eventually causes them to seek help. Because of this delay in treatment, it is not easy to study people with personality disorders from the onset of their problem (Durand & Barlow, 2013). However, there is definitely some sort of biological connection. The American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychology: Volume 11 states, â€Å"There is little doubt that there exists a genetic predisposition to antisocial personality disorder, as indicated by a variety of adoption, family history, and twin studies.† (Tasman, 1992, p. 67). There are also significant ties to sociocultural factors, which was researched in the Cambridge Study of Delinquent Development. This study showed several factors such as a convicted parent, large family size, low intelligence, a young mother, and a disrupted family which correlated with later antisocial personalities. (Farrington, 2000). Although it is hard to pinpoint a cause of this disorder, we are fairly sure that it originates in childhood and follows a chronic course through adulthood. Despite the fact that it probably originates in childhood, antisocial personality disorder cannot be  diagnosed until a person is 18. For children who tend to violate societal norms, there is the diagnosis of conduct disorder; many adults who are diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder were diagnosed with conduct disorder as a child (Durand & Barlow, 2013). Although antisocial personality disorder is chronic, it does seem to wane as a person gets older, especially around the age of forty. While this remission is most evident in the lessening of criminal behavior, it is also likely that the full spectrum of antisocial behaviors as well as substance abuse will go down. (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The DSM-5 outlines the main symptoms that are prevalent in antisocial personality disorder and says, â€Å" The essential feature of antisocial personality disorder is pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood† (APA, 2013). Symptoms of this disorder include frequent breaching of law, deceitfulness (lying to and conning others for personal gain), impulsiveness, irritability, aggressiveness, recklessness, and irresponsibility. Furthermore, there is an apparent lack of remorse for having caused harm to another person (APA, 2013). This set of symptoms found within someone who is at least 18 years of age and shown signs of conduct disorder from the age of 15 merits a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. However, a mental health professional should always exhaust all of their options when diagnosing. In the case of antisocial personality disorder, it is also possible that the involved symptoms only show up within the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; if this is the case it should not be diagnosed as a personality disorder. Substance abuse can also be associated with these symptoms. If this is the case, a clinician should examine whether or not antisocial behavior was exhibited in childhood and have continued into adulthood. If not, it is more likely a substance abuse disorder. If so, and the substance abuse also began in childhood, there may be a double diagnosis necessitated. When diagnosing any personality disorder, it is important to look closely at the distinguishing features, because several personality disorders can share very similar traits. If all the features are met for two or more disorders, all can be diagnosed as comorbid disorders. Finally, because antisocial personality is closely correlated to criminal activity, it is necessary to see that antisocial personality features  accompany the criminal act—otherwise, it is simply criminal behavior (APA, 2013). It is often this criminal behavior aspect of this disorder that brings it into the public eye. Jack Pemment (2012) speaking about psychopaths in our culture wrote, â€Å"Despite inflicting terror into our hearts with the idea of a remorseless killer who is ‘programmed’ to kill, they are also heralded as intrinsically fascinating† (p. 1). While these people may be fascinating, it is important to remember that antisocial personalities often are associated with low economic status and urban settings. Those who exhibit antisocial behavior are often coming from a rough environment, and it is important that clinicians consider the social and economic background when assessing these individuals and making decisions about their diagnosis (APA, 2013). Based on criteria from former DSM manuals, the prevalence of antisocial personality disorder is between 0.2% and 3.3%. This prevalence is higher in samples of people who come from hard socioeconomic or challenging sociocultur al background. The prevalence among populations such as males who abuse alcohol, patients at substance abuse clinics, and prisons is disproportionately high, sometimes greater than 70% (APA, 2013). For those who have this disorder, prognosis is not particularly positive. This is a chronic disorder, and to date there are no cures like we have for other psychological disorders, and there have been very few success stories treating antisocial adults with behavioral therapy (Durand & Barlow, 2013). However, the level of dysfunction involved seems to go down significantly after a long period of time—Robins and Regier (1991) found in their study that on average, from first to last symptom, the disorder lasts 19 years. This general pattern of remission over time is the most positive prognostic factor for this disorder. Part of the reason that prognosis is so low is that treatment for adults with antisocial personality disorder is particularly difficult. Firstly, people with disorder almost never identify themselves as in need of treatment, and therefore they do not ever go; Meloy (n.d.) states that only one in seven will ever discuss their disorder with a doctor. For those who do go to treatment, it is still difficult to achieve results. Beyond that, seemingly positive results seen may even be faulty—a characteristic of people with this disorder is lying and exhibiting manipulative behavior, so it is hard to tell whether or not therapy is working. In fact, one study has shown that those who were showing the most signs of success in therapy were the ones who were actually relapsing in undesirable behavior the most—they had just learned what they needed to say to the therapist to get good remarks, and they were able to simulate it well (Bennett, 2011). While there has been no â€Å"miracle drug† for the treatment of antisocial personality disorder, there has been some slight pharmacological treatment success. The successes in this realm have been primarily with the symptoms of aggression and impulsiveness. Lithium (a medication often used for bipolar disorder) has been shown to reduce aggressive impulsive episodes. A drug called Divalproex has seen some success in measurements of irritability, verbal assault, and assault against objects. While these may help, it is still not a treatment that leads to significant recovery and long-term success in treating this disorder (Bennett, 2011). Nothing has been a tried and true treatment for this disorder, but it has been shown that early intervention can help prevent full-blown symptoms later on. Early intervention seems to be the key in the success of these treatment plans—it seems as though once a person is an adult, it is hard to treat the symptoms of their personality disorder (Durand & Barlow, 2013). Psychological interventions like family and cognitive behavioral therapy have seen significant success. Family therapy gives participants skills to cope with their family and other issues, and helps to improve parenting,skills, often by encouraging support of the child and reducing stress within the home. Cognitive behavioral interventions are a imed at teaching problem-solving and social skills which helps affected individuals maintain a more normal level of function later on (Bennett, 2011). Personal Critique In doing this research, I learned that this disorder is similar to, but not nearly as drastic as, the idea that I had of it before. I had always thought that this was an extremely rare disorder (still not incredibly common, but more so than I thought), and that those that did have it were bound to exhibit some sort of cold, calculated, criminal behavior. Although many are caught up in criminal activity and do things that hurt those around them (for example, lying to and stealing from people that love them), they are not often doing things like committing serial murders. I also learned from one article I read that there are definite, biological differences in the  brains of people with antisocial personalities and the brains of normal, healthy people. I think this is very interesting because in my opinion this further validates the disorder. If people have legitimate differences in the structure of their brain, they are truly suffering from an illness that there may be nothing that they can do about. It may also explain why treatment that works on many other psychological disorders does not work as well for people with this disorder. The biggest challenge that mental health experts have with diagnosing this disorder is that people who have it do not believe that they have anything wrong with them, and therefore they do not come in for treatment. It is impossible to diagnose if the mental health expert doesn’t get the chance. Second to this, the biggest challenge would be that the disorder itself is characterized by manipulation and lying, so a client may not be honest with a therapist about what is going on psychologically, and they may be very good at the front that they put up. Antisocial personality disorder is most definitely a justifiable disorder. I think that there have been enough cases (particularly the few drastic ones) in which this disorder has clearly represented itself. Although this disorder may not cause percieved distress to the individual, it still limits them from having a healthy human experience, and it often causes significant distress in the lives of those who love the individual wit h the disorder. Finally, as I said before, I think that the brain research that has been conducted solidifies the existence of the disorder, and it most definitely should be included in the DSM-5 as well as future versions. It saddens me that there are not currently any viable treatment options for this disorder. As someone wanting to pursue a career in mental health, I would hate to have a client that I was absolutely unable to help. I hope that in the near future we will either find a form of therapy that will work for those already affected, or that we will be able to more successfully catch and curb these behaviors at a young age so that these individuals have a chance to lead successful, healthy lives. Referencs American Psychiatric Assosiciation. (2013). Diagnositc and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. Bennett, P. (2011). Abnormal and Clinical Psychology: An Introductory Textbook. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw Hill, Open University Press. Durand, V.M., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology, Sixth Edition. Australia, et al: Wadworth Cengage Learning. Farrington, D.P. (2000). Psychosocial predictors of adult antisocial personality and adult convictions, Behavioral Science and the Law, 18, 605. Pemment, J. (2012, Oct. 16). The neurobiology of antisocial personality disorder: The quest for rehabitation and treatment. Aggression and Violent Behavior. Retrieved from http://nueroscience.olemiss.edu. Robins L, & Regier, D. (1991). Psychiatric Disorders in America. New York, NY: Free Press. Tasman, A. & Riba, M. B. (Ed). (1992). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychology (Vol. 11). American Psychiatric Publishing.

The Characteristics Of The Modern Period As Related To Thomas Hardy`s “Hap”

The modern period is characterized by accelerating social, technological and economic advancement. It is also weight by the build up of universal empire controlling almost all of the economies of the world (â€Å"An Analysis of Hap by Thomas Hardy†). Great bulk of wealth has been transferred and controlled by some countries. However, some just lag behind and unable to stand with the sudden crash that happened. Time has changed and everything has changed but some still insisted with ancient mindset that has been coined a long ago.Mindset that was not acceptable this modern period. In his poem â€Å"Hap†, Thomas Hardy pointed out modern changes and the unsystematic landscape of life. This was the time of transition. The presence of somebody in existence that was liable in all the changes that was happening was wondered and inquired about (Davidson). The idea of great economic, social and technological changes was new. It was not yet clearly defined and established.All the advancement that was happening to their way of life was an idea that was fallen from the sky and was just credited to somebody he thought to be compassionate God was responsible (â€Å"Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)†). All modernization in technology, culture, beliefs, traditions, mindset and even religion was worked out by man for thousand of years. These are all products of their unveiling thirst for knowledge and betterment of the way of living.The information age has approached. Information was transferred in only a flash wherever you are in the world. We always see new creation and innovations everyday like in the world of computers. Computer has been the greatest achievement of man for centuries. It started just like a size of the entire room with only little functions(â€Å"When Was the Computer Invented? â€Å"). Now it has evolved to almost absolute functions even in its diminutive size and continuously developing.